chXout Team, Author at chXout

DNA Barcoding Fungi

9th October 20239th October 2023 By chXout Team Comment Closed

DNA Barcoding Fungi THE FUNGI KINGDOM Fungi are one the largest and most diverse groups of organisms in the world. As we have the plant and animal kingdoms, fungi make up a kingdom of their own. From just talking a look at them, you would probably assume that fungi and plants are very similar, when in fact fungi are actually biologically closer to animals. Fungi are responsible for important environmental processes such as nutrient cycling and plant, animal and soil health. Humans also rely on fungi in food production, including items such as cheese, bread and chocolate and the manufacture of drugs and biofuels. Not forgetting that there is a huge market for edible mushrooms all over the world. Mycology is the study of fungi. For something that is so important to ecosystems and biodiversity, fungi are under-studied when compared with animals and plants. There are estimated to be at least six times as many species of fungi than plants, anywhere between 2 and 11...

Invasive species one of the 5 main drivers of biodiversity loss

8th September 20238th September 2023 By chXout Team Comment Closed

Invasive species one of the 5 main drivers of biodiversity loss What are invasive species? Invasive species are those which are not native or indigenous to an ecosystem and have a negative impact on that area or other organisms around them. This is different to a non-native species which are usually introduced by humans and do not have the same negative impact with no threat to the area or other organisms. Invasive species are sometimes introduced accidentally but can also be purposely introduced by humans without realising the consequences. human activity is the biggest reason for the spread of these species. They are called invasive species because they can: adapt very quickly. reproduce quickly. harm property or the economy. harm or kill native plants and animals. cause competition for food and resources with native species. sometimes bring in diseases. Examples of invasive species Common invasive species in the UK include the European rabbit, grey squirrel, muntjac deer, American bullfrog and American mink. European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Japanese Knotweed...

Using eDNA analysis for great crested newt surveys

14th March 202314th March 2023 By chXout Team Comment Closed

The great crested newt (Triturus cristatus) is the largest and rarest newt to be found in the United Kingdom. In the last century the species has faced a large decline leading to them becoming a protected species in the UK and Europe. Great crested newts (GCN’s), their eggs, breeding sites and resting places are protected by law. This makes it an offence to: capture, kill, disturb or injure great crested newts deliberately. damage or destroy a breeding or resting place. obstruct access to their resting or sheltering places (deliberately or by not taking enough care). possess, sell, control or transport live or dead newts, or parts of them. take great crested newt eggs. Due to their protected status, it is now often a requirement to survey for GCN when there are waterbodies within a certain radius of a development site as part of the planning application. Standard methods of ecological surveys include torch surveying, bottle traps and egg searches by licenced surveyors. Environmental...

Bacteria that have a “genetic LEGO set”?

10th February 202315th February 2023 By chXout Team Comment Closed

Scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have recently published a paper which explains how Prochlorococcus bacteria, which are responsible for a large amount of the oceans’ oxygen production, are able to survive in a range of oceanic environments using what they are describing to be like a “genetic LEGO set”. It was found that these organisms are able to use a form of gene transfer using what the scientists have called “tycheposons.” These are blocks of DNA which are able to detach and then be transported to other organisms via vesicles produced from their cell membrane. They are also able to “hijack” infectious particles known as capsids from viruses and travel from one organism to another. Evidence of this has been found when capsids and vesicles have been collected and studied from the ocean and found to contain this same genetic material. Tycheposons are thought to be particularly special as they are helping the receiving organism to adapt or diversify...

Why should we care about fungi?

25th January 202315th February 2023 By chXout Team Comment Closed

A BBC article has recently highlighted fungi and how the fungi kingdom tends to go unnoticed in comparison to plants and animals. And that is not just in terms of people taking an interest in them but also when it comes to research and conservation. As explained by the British Mycological (the study of fungi) Society, fungi are neither plant or animal and have a kingdom of their own of 3-5 million species. Most fungi are understudied meaning that they have not been named or described. It is thought that more than 90% of all fungi are yet to be described by science. The society is currently pushing for fungi to be included in the GCSE Natural History qualification launching in 2025 to promote their importance and encourage future studies. Dr Drakulic who is featured in the BBC article emphasises the concern with the lack of research into fungi as understandably it makes it very difficult to protect species that you know...

Help garden birds this winter

19th December 202215th February 2023 By chXout Team Comment Closed

With very early autumn conditions being labelled as a “false” autumn at the end of August, followed by almost spring-like conditions and then the big freeze last week, it’s fair to say that British wildlife is probably very confused right now.After being followed round the garden by a winter favourite, the robin this weekend, one of the chXout® team decided to look into what they could do for garden birds in this weather. With no bird seed and not a whole lot to choose from in the kitchen, it seemed like this might be a bit of a challenge.We should note that with the prevalence of bird flu at the moment, interaction with wild birds should be kept to a minimum and it is important to wash your hands before and after replacing food.As more people seem to be aware of now, the last thing we should really be feeding any type of birds is bread. Although it is not...